Scale Pirroniane is an essay dedicated to the sceptic expression «ούδέν μάλλον» as it is presented by Sextus Empiricus. The sceptic officially used it only in a 'non-dogmatic way', i.e. in order to indicate that he cannot assent to any dogmatic thesis examined. The aim of this essay is to show (i) how he used it also in a 'dogmatic' way, to indicate that he cannot assent to any dogmatic thesis at all; (ii) how he could do so -while remaining a sceptic thanks to the self-defeating property of this formula; and (iii) how this dogmatic use was the basis of his activity of σκέψις.

The chief statement of this article is that as we have a visible Commedia, which proceeds from Vergil to Dante, we have also a future Commedia, which proceeds from Dante to Vergil. A tremblig light of borders and sacred woods marks the destiny of Aeneas, the son of a destroyed country who will give rise to a race of world rulers. This 'latin' twilight, joining the courteolus and theological lights of Dante - which signify pure love, temptation, sin, death, penance and redemption -gives rise to modern italian civilisation.

How did medieval authors proceed in analysing terms stich as motus and velocitas? To comply with an Aristotelian ontology, they had to conceive these notions in terms of imaginary entities and two different semantic options lay open to them: either by extending the domain of supposita, or objects of reference, to include imaginabilia; or by introducing new types of expressions and new uses for terms, so as to fit the rules of new and adequate semantic categories. The same linguistic alternative seems to emerge in certain branches of contemporary physics, such as quantum mechanics.

Many d'Holbach 's scholars think that scientific subjects are not very relevant in his materialistic philosophy. Some of them maintain that his scientific work is separated from his philosophical interests. However, about the earth sciences, a comparison between d'Holbach' scientific writings and the Système de la nature shows that d'Holbach aimed at using the heterodox aspects of geological subjects to set up his philosophical system. A 'cyclical' and 'catastrophist' theory of the earth matched with materialism, particularly towards the controversy on deistic conception of nature, the eternity of matter or the physical causes of religion.

The Prolegomena is the report of the famous Kantian awakening from his «dogmatic sleep», because of Humean sceptical objections. The Prolegomena also includes an answer to the objections that Hume formulated in Dialogues concerning Natural Religion. The Kantianfinal answer will be given only in the Critique of Practical Reason, where he theorizes on the supremacy of practical reason over theoretical reason. This way Kant avoids running a double risck: first by «noumenoning» phenomena, secondly by «phenomening» noumena. Therefore, the Critique of Practical Reason as well the Critique of Pure Reason is an answer to Humean sceptical philosophy.

In the Principles of Philosophy of Right, the problem of representation arises not so much in terms of the representation of individual will, as of interests. It, therefore, can be understood only taking into account the fact that the institutional organs of representation express mediated interests which arise within civil society, and are mediated through the corporations. The institutional expression of these mediated interests is limited by Hegel's model of sovereignty, according to which the prince is exercising the power for the internal cohesion of the state, which eventually, prevails over the others.

The first part of the paper examines Euler's original diagrams, their use for representing propositions and syllogisms, their value and drawbacks. We then outline the modifications made by Venn in order to improve logical diagrams expressivity and analyse Peirce's further revisions and efforts towards the same aim. Finally, after a brief reconstruction of the secondary role attributed to diagrams in the history of logic, the essay focuses on the recent change of attitude towards them by logicians, psychologists, computer scientists. In this new situation Peirce's semiotic analysis of diagrams appears still interesting and fruitful.

This article deals with Schelling's philosophy of freedom, and analyses especially the deep impact that his work of 1809, Philosophische Untersuchungen tiber das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit, had in Italy. Besides, Heidegger's essay Schelling Abdhandlung tiber das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit has been hereto taken into consideration, since it influenced the most important italian writers' interpetration of Schellin.g's concept of freedom, like Pareyson, Semerari, Bausola, Moiso, Riconda and others. Even the problem of evil plays an important role in this article, because it's strictly connected to Schelling is concept of freedom.

Forty-one years after Merleau-Ponty's death, his heritage and his 'untimeliness' are reconsiderered: after a rather long period in which his thought was forgotten, an increasing attention is now devoted to the most various aspects of Merleau-Ponty' philosophy. Nevertheless, his original positions on crucial items - as subject, history, structure - are still confused with or subordinated to poststructuralist philosophy. The difference between Merleau-Ponty and poststmcturalism is examined, with special reference to some passages by Foucault and Derrida, and the exigence to come back to the 'originaI' Merleau-Ponty is maintained.